Chemistry 5.3 production of alcohol

baca tak masuk2 ni yang nak kena buat mcm ni ni...
ok, zawani.

Alkohol tu apa?

Alkohol tu..alkene+H20. nak kenal dia, dia ada satu carbon atom yang akan bersambung dengan Oxygen & Hydrogen. C-OH. ha, lebih kurang mcm tu lah. kalau ada double bond kat O tu dah lain ok. tu dah jadik carboxyl.

Nak buat ethanol, ada dua cara. 20% dihasilkan dari ethene daripada crude oil atau natural gas. cara ni jugak dipanggil synthetic ethanol.
yang baki lagi 80% tu pulak guna fermentation dari glucose. sumber dia sama ada pakai anggur atau grains mcm sayur atau grains. anggur tu guna direct dari sumber. kalau sayur & grains tu pulak depa kena undergo hydrolysis dulu.

Proses nak buat alkohol ni pulak, kalau guna grains mcm barli atau kanji mcm ni:
1. grains tu must be soaked in water.
2. bila dah masuk dalam air, seeds tu akan germinate. Masa ni, enzim2 akan diproduce. enzim2 ni la yang catalyse hydrolysis of starch molecules into glucose.

polysaccharides-->disaccharides--> monosaccharides

hydrolysis of polysaccharides to disaccharides
[C6H10O5] + 1/2nC12H22O11

hydrolysis of disaccharides to monosaccharides (glucose)
C12H22O11 + H2O --> 2C6H12O6

3. pastu, yeast akan dimasukkan dalam mixture tu.
4. glucose2 yang dah terhasil tu akan pass through cell wall masuk ke yeast cell. dalam yeast cell ni la ada enzim lagi, kali ni depa catalyse the fermentation of glucose jadi ethanol dan CO2.

fermentation of glucose to ethanol and CO2
C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

5.Produk selepas fermentation tu akan pass back out melalui cell wall.

Kalau starting material tu ialah jus anggur yang ada glucose, langkah yang ada hydrolysis tu dah tak diperlukan, jadi terus add yeast ja dan sambung dengan fermentation dalam yeast cell tu ja.

Nak buat alkohol dengan fermentation ni ada syarat2 dia.
1. optimum temperature : 20'C - 30'C. At temperature outside of rhis range, enzymes akan rendered either totally atau partly ineffective.

2. Kena cool-kan fermentation vassel utk elakkan excessively high temperature. benda ni necessary, sebab fermentation ni salah satu proses exothermic.

3.Oxygen mesti totally excluded from fermentation vassel. kenapa? sebab fermentation kan anaerobic process..jadi kalau ada O, takdak fermentation la..

4. a small amount of oxygen is needed for the growth of yeast cell.

kenapa point 3 n 4 mcm bercanggah ek... ok, kalau oxygen masuk fermentatation vassel, dia akan bring out ethanol kepada ethanoic acid..iaitu cuka.. dalam winemaking pulak, CO2 produced by fermentation akan menyediakan satu lapisan pelindung daripada oksigen.

tamat utk production if alcohol.
jangan lupa baca primary, secondary n tertiaty alcohols dan jugak oxidation of alcohol. :)
SACEready2010

AUSMAT Career day 2009

On the 11 January this year, Career Day, an annual activity for every batch of intec's ausmat was held. It was very informative, though the fact that we just started Year 12 early this year, and we still have an obscure view about what is going to happen next in Sem 2 and 3, and of course whats waiting in OZ. The President of SAMSA board of Ausmat, Poji gave a talk how to and how important it is to survive Ausmat and score high TER, especially for courses which required TER of 90.00 and above, like mine. En Azlan, from Ausmat 6, now an architect in Hijjaz Kasturi gave us a talk about the embarkment to career world.

I never thought Career Day would be this fun, especially meeting the seniors part. totally inspiring. Why inspiring? Simply because they have been in our very shoes and therefore they understand very well how do we feel now and in the future 10 months. How great it is to see how they have successfully pursuing their studies in G8 universities.

One of the senior, Kak Izah, a medicine student in Monash (if im not mistaken) scored TER of 98. another biotech senior from Melbourne whose name i forgot, scored TER of 89. Lucky engineering students because lotsa seniors who showed up that day were engineering students (including Poji). And not too bad for my course, a senior showed up. He's studying in University of Curtin in Perth, pursuing his third year this march. i had quite a talk with him and it was very inspiring. Seriously. He opt for specialist maths during his ausmat and he once failed in spec maths, but still scored TER of above 90.00 (he refused to mention his exact TER).

Something to ponder, why do i see only Malay seniors?

sem 2

cocok hati

Salam.

HAH! its been ages since i aimed to forget this thing. little thing. it happened almost half and a month ago, during my Chemistry final assestment for sem 1. i struggled, and ALMOST dying studying. *ceh prasang* at that very moment, i feel like i've covered all the topics, everything mentioned by miss atikah.

and what?

i was wrong. i didnt revise on electric configuration, because, well, electron configuration is a piece of cake. and so, i guess i'll be just fine. but, as the invigilators announced the candidates to immediately get our seats in the hall, i started to panic about the electron configuration.

Miss Dhaya then started passing the exam questions and good, there are still candidates who havent arrive yet. i turned back and James was sitting at the seat behind me.

so i asked,

'James, kau study tak electron configuration?'

James : Study!

Zawani: hah bagus. ajar aku jap weh, aku lupa la nak tengok electron configuration..

James: ha boleh2. aku ajar kau teknik paling senang. mula2 ko tulis dulu s,s,s,s pastu p,p,p,p pastu d pastu f. pastu kau tulis 2.........................14..kan kan. pastu ko salin je balik ikut proton number dia..ha, senang kan kan kan??

Zawani: eh mcm ni ke? apsal aku rasa mcm lain ek? ko pasti ni?

James: aku pasti! aku dah study! ni lah teknik paling mudah!

Zawani: ok..aku percaya kau..ko pasti ni?

James: ye laaa..pasti! eh, aku nak pinjam pen hitam kau. ade?

Zawani: ada! nah amek.

Miss ******: hey you two! no words in this hall! korang sembang ape hah?

Zawani: eh mana ada kami cakap2. ni ha, james pinjam pen hitam..

James: ha betul2. saya takde pen hitam, biru je..

as what i thought, 4 marks for electron configuration, and maybe a few more marks in the molecules' polarity elaboration. i do feel odd about what james said, but what to do? i didnt revise, plus i did not remember at all. AT ALL! i just did according to what james said.

and when the exam ended, i turned, again. i asked him

"James, kau pasti kan?"

James: aku silap!!!! tapi kau buat betul kan? kau tak ikut cara aku tadi kan?

Zawani: wei! aku ikut kau la! tadi cakap pasti..?

James: tu la pasal! aku pasti sangat! tapi masa exam tadi aku rasa pelik..pastu aku baru teringat..ala sorry la zawani..

Zawani: JAMESSS!!! wei gila ah berapa belas markah hilang! weiiiiiii..mati lah aku..

James: SORRYYY!!!! kau jangan lah marah aku..

Zawani: takpa takpa.. takpa..

James: kau nak lollipop?

**

rajin

this is my first post with the new link. wink wink. :)

ada orang ka sinii? hahaha. takda gamaknya.

alkisah kemalasan yang melanda diri aku cuti sem ni. seriously malas sungguh. matlamat tinggi, tapi kerja takmau. apa yang boleh dapat? habuk pun tarakk. serious wa cakap sama lu. aku yang balik lewat seminggu gara2 kem KMH4 di Ulu Yam & program usrah di bukit cerakah. memang dalam hati aku niatkan, cuti ni aku nak cuti betul2, tapi aku nak jugak but frankly, aku nak jugak pengisiannya.

tiap2 malam, aku target, esok aku nak study.
esok malam pun macam tu, 'esok aku nak study'
tapi esoknya, aku bangun tak study pun. haih. manusia mcm aku memang nak kena kerah baru nak buat.

marahkan diri sendiri. susah. tak boleh aku nak tempik. sebab semuanya salah aku. memang trang tang tang salah aku. sapa suruh aku pamper diri aku. kan dah malas.

kenapa aku malas nih?
memang dari dulu lagi aku malas. dari zaman skolah rendah. exam pun aku buat mcm event yang takda makna. even upsr, aku pandang sebelah mata ja. masa sekolah rendah, aku tak pernah belajar. sungguh, tak pernah. alhamdulillah upsr OK. tu pun masa UPSR aku tak gerun apa. langsung takda perasaaan. tak ketaq langsung. buku rujukan sains darjah 4-6 tu aku tak pernah habis baca. aku tak baca langsung. minda aku lambat sikit nak terbukak. kenapa perlu periksa? kenapa perlu belajar? sungguh, aku tak nampak jawapannya. habis tu apa yang aku tahu? yang aku tahu, dah cikgu suruh, buat ajelah. tu pun kalau aku nak buat, kalau aku tanak buat, aku letak tepi. biarlah nak jadi apa. memang dunia waktu tu, semacam dunia aku, aku sorang. apa orang suruh, aku rasa bagus, aku buat.

pastu masuklah sekolah menengah. setengah tahun kat CFB, macam biasalah, aku tak study la kan. tu yang result cantik sangat. haha. pastu masuk asrama, baru aku tahu, apa itu 'study'. masa kat rumah aku taktau apamendanya 'study' sebab aku tak pernah buat. akak aku plak masa studynya waktu tidur aku. sah2 lah aku taktau.

alhamdulillah aku masuk sbpikp.

dah tu masuk asrama, time-constrain la, apa lagi.
kat skolah asyik ngantuk je. tu yang balik rumah tu best, boleh tidur anytime anywhere. hahahah.

dan aku pasti, tu lah bermulanya sifat malas study kat rumah. bila aku tanam dalam2, balik rumah relax puas2 buat kerja lain, kat skolah belajar sesungguh.

bagus kau zawani.

nah, sekarang aku sedang menerima padahnya menanam benda2 mcm tu kat laman otakku yang subur itu!

and im working to turn things the other way round.

betul2

Salam.


entri sebelum ini aku tulis di Akasia, jadi aku bilang entri tu ditulis sebelum sem 1 habis. entri ni baru betul. betul2 habis sem 1.

baiklah kawan2.

let me tell you what happened weeks before, starting from my 1st week of finals till the very last week i was in intec for this year.

Ausmat finals started a week earlier than A-levels but heck! we finished a week later than them! dang! Thanks to IELTS internal exam. thinking it over again, a week of earlier start and end of finals wasn't so bad after all. we had gaps between papers, A-levels not. lucky us. :)

a week before finals, i had a terrible stomach ache which cause me 3 days of trembling pain. put that aside, my finals went smooth but i feel the frictional force was high, plus the tension and normal force is way greater than the Newton pulling it downwards. maybe the idea of uniform circular motion would be better, the centripetal force, i assume as the string u should constantly refer to , so that you'll end up having all the formulae and explaination at the tip of your finger! , as the bending of a car on a flat surface which use the centripetal force to ensure the bending succeed. exactly.

enough of physics, im not pursuing any physics next year! yeay!

after Biology, i went to my usrah's programme in Bukit Cerakah.
manyak siok woh. 2 days and a night. we should be bullied throughout the activity, but thinhgs wend the other way round. kakak2 naqibah yang kena buli. kesian sungguh.
the programme was on the 14th and 15th. on the 16th, i sat for my IELTS paper and right after the paper, i went to KMH4 for another 3 days in Ulu Yam. lethargic is all i can say. but the constant exhaustion worth it, for every single drop of knowledge i gained.

**

rasa mcm nak berbahasa Melayu pulak.
baiklah kengkawanku. al kisah tentang usrahku di sini, masyaAllah siok sangat. berganda2 best dari usrah aku kat sekolah dulu. mungkin sebab usrah kat sekolah ditetapkan dan waktu usrah ditetapkan pasa satu masa yang uniform setiap minggu. sini, fleksibiliti dari aspek masa wujud dalam perjalanan usrah. sangat praktikal dan disebabkan usrah ni tak dipaksa-paksa, lagi semangat la kan. senang kata mmg best la.haa...lagi satu, usrah aku bernaung bawah ustaz ridha! betapa bestnya. hehe

dah la noh. malaih nak cita panjang2. esok2 pulak la kalau nak cita apa pun.
insyaAllah post lepaih nih pasai SC4 ku yang terchenta.

tata people.



iklan tak berbayar: pertandingan ukur ketinggian stud2 sc4.
patut buat experiment fizik. kami dok main ukur2. haih...

sem 1. over.

alhamdulillah.

how fast time flies. feels like only a week ago i enrolled this institution. never knew i would feel this way as i thought people are much better here compared to my old place. never the same. never better. the atmosphere here, just...different.

feels like i want to share everything. i do mean every single thing here. but i couldnt.

but i guess there is a few i can share.

its not about people. well maybe a bit.

the atmosphere here.

is not as what i desired. i yearn for something that indirectly boost. no, not boost. em.. say,evolve a feeling to seek for more. and what? i didnt feel the feeling. maybe it is just my fault.

my fault for not struggling in creating that atmosphere. here.

my fault for letting my friends unconsciously away from the rightful track.

my fault for being undeniably so unperfect.

my fault for not trying harder.

my fault for not having the X to ask for more.

my fault.